Zone of Proximal Development

The Common Types of Plagiarism

The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own” In precise words, plagiarism is an act of fraud

Direct Plagiarism 

Direct plagiarism is the word-for-word transcription of a section of someone else’s work, without attribution and without quotation marks. The deliberate plagiarism of someone else's work is unethical, academically dishonest, 

Source-based Plagiarism

Plagiarism may occur because of the different types of sources.. Plagiarism also occurs when a researcher uses a secondary source of data or information, but only cites the primary source of information. 

Complete Plagiarism

Complete plagiarism is the most severe form of plagiarism where a researcher takes a manuscript or study that someone else created, and submits it under his or her name. It is tantamount to intellectual theft and stealing. data fabrication and falsification are also forms of plagiarism.

Data fabrication is the making up of data and research findings,while data falsification involves changing or omitting data to give a false impression

Self Plagiarism

Self-plagiarism also applies to submit the same piece of work for assignments in different classes without previous permission from both professors.

Paraphrasing plagiarism

It involves the use of someone else’s writing with some minor changes in the sentences and using it as one’s own.

Reverse plagiarism

Reverse plagiarism, or attribution without copying, refers to falsely giving authorship credit over a work to a person who did not author it.

Mosaic Plagiarism

Mosaic Plagiarism occurs when a student borrows phrases from a source without using quotation marks, or finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original. Sometimes called “patch writing,”

Accidental plagiarism occurs when a person neglects to cite their sources, or misquotes their sources, or unintentionally paraphrases a source by using similar words, groups of words, and/or sentence structure without attribution

Plagiarism detection is the process of locating instances of plagiarism within a work or document. The widespread use of computers and the advent of the Internet have made it easier to plagiarize the work of others.

1.    Human detection is the most traditional form -lengthy and time-consuming task

2.    Text-matching software (TMS), which is also referred to as "plagiarism detection software" or "anti-plagiarism" software, has become widely available, 

3.    Software-assisted plagiarism detection-Computer-assisted plagiarism detection (CaPD) is an Information retrieval (IR) task supported by specialized IR systems, which is referred to as a plagiarism detection system (PDS).

4.    Fingerprinting[-Fingerprinting is currently the most widely applied approach to plagiarism detection. This method forms representative digests of documents by selecting a set of multiple substrings (n-grams) from them. The sets represent the fingerprints and their elements are called minutiae. A suspicious document is checked for plagiarism by computing its fingerprint and querying minutiae with a precomputed index of fingerprints for all documents of a reference collection. Minutiae matching with those of other documents indicate shared text segments and suggest potential plagiarism if they exceed a chosen similarity threshold. Computational resources and time are limiting factors to fingerprinting, which is why this method typically only compares a subset of minutiae to speed up the computation and allow for checks in very large collection, such as the Internet.

5.    String matching-String matching is a prevalent approach used in computer science. Checking a suspicious document in this setting requires the computation and storage of efficiently comparable representations for all documents in the reference collection to compare them pairwise.

6.      Bag of words- represents the adoption of vector space retrieval, a traditional IR concept, to the domain of plagiarism detection. Documents are represented as one or multiple vectors, e.g. for different document parts, which are used for pair wise similarity computations.

7.    Citation analysis-Citation-based plagiarism detection (CbPD) relies on citation analysis, and is the only approach to plagiarism detection that does not rely on the textual similarity. CbPD examines the citation and reference information in texts to identify similar patterns in the citation sequences. As such, this approach is suitable for scientific texts, or other academic documents that contain citations.

8.    Stylometry- subsumes statistical methods for quantifying an author’s unique writing style and is mainly used for authorship attribution or intrinsic CaPD. By constructing and comparing stylometric models for different text segments, passages that are stylistically different from others, hence potentially plagiarized, can be detected

9.    Performance-Comparative evaluations of plagiarism detection systems indicate that their performance depends on the type of plagiarism present .Except for citation pattern analysis, all detection approaches rely on textual similarity. It is therefore symptomatic that detection accuracy decreases the more plagiarism cases are obfuscated.

1.Run a Google search to easily check a small section of the paper. If you come across a sentence or paragraph that you think might be plagiarized, you can easily check it out using Google. Simply copy and paste the section of writing you want to check into the search bar of Google. Put quotation marks at the beginning and end of the passage so that your search will turn up that exact wording.

• This is a simple and free way to check for plagiarism.
• If you find that it is a case of plagiarism, make sure to save the link to the site where you found the original source.

• 2.Use free online applications to check electronic documents. There are many free websites that will check for plagiarism. Once you choose a site to use, you can copy and paste the text that you want to check into the site. Many sites will also allow you to upload an entire document to be checked. Some popular sites are:Dupli Checker,Paper Rater,Plagiarism, DupliChecker.,Grammarly,Search Engine Reports.,PlagTracker,Plagium.CopyLeaks

3.Try a commercial service for more efficient checking. If you need to regularly check a large number of papers, it is probably worth it to pay for a service that can help you keep up. Some of the most popular services are Turnitin.com and EVE (Essay Verification Engine).

4. Keep an eye out for odd formatting changes. Sometimes students copy and paste passages directly from an outside source into their paper. If you notice a change in font type or size, that is a sign that it might be plagiarism

5. Check references to see if they are out of date or formatted wrong. Old sources might indicate that a student copied information from an older paper or article. If you require APA formatting and the student uses Chicago, for example, that is a sign that they might have copied the sources from another paper or site.

Online Plagiarism Checker

1.    Attach the file from your computer or just copy the text and paste it into the special field.

2.    Click the 'check my essay' button.

3.    Wait for the engine to submit your request and examine content.

4.    Receive a plagiarism report including the percentage of uniqueness of your text.

Avoiding Plagiarism

Procrastination

It is important to set aside adequate time to complete your assignment. When using sources, you should get in the habit of citing them in full as you write. Filling in page numbers, making footnotes, or making a works cited page or bibliography after you have finished writing often leads to inadvertent miscitations or omissions.

Incomplete Understanding of Original Material

Avoid using any source with which you are not completely comfortable

Citation Errors

Common errors that lead to accidental plagiarism include using words or passages from the original source without using quotation marks and/or without citing the source;

Poor Note-Taking

Inexperienced students often forget to put quotation marks around notes taken directly from text, or find that their notes are disorganized